Researchers from the University Medical Center Groningen developed the Ultra-processed food (UPF) categorization for adults according to the NOVA classification using the Food Frequency Questionnaire Sum scores from the heart of the FFQ flower (1a_questionnaire_2|1A Questionnaire 2]]). (sections: Nutrition and secondary & linked variables).

The UPF food categorization can be requested in the Lifelines catalogue or by mail (data@lifelines.nl). When this data has been used in your research, you will have to include a reference to the the following paper:

• Duan, M. J., Vinke, P. C., Navis, G., Corpeleijn, E., & Dekker, L. H. (2022). Ultra-processed food and incident type 2 diabetes: studying the underlying consumption patterns to unravel the health effects of this heterogeneous food category in the prospective Lifelines cohort. BMC medicine, 20(1), 1-11.