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====== Personality (ASI) ======

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) is a 16-item self-report instrument that provides a measure of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_sensitivity|anxiety sensitivity]] (AS), a psychological construct that has been shown to be a central cognitive risk factor relevant to anxiety and its disorders ([[sections|section]]: [[mental health]]).\\
**Note: The ASI was only used in the Pilot questionnaire of assessment [[1A]], and was filled in by 2730 adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants.**\\ 
After the pilot, the ASI was dropped in favor of other personality tests: [[Personality (GAS)|GAS]], [[Personality (Type D)|Type D]], and [[Personality (NEO)|NEO]]. 

===== Background and validation =====
AS is defined as the fear of arousal-related sensations (e.g., fear of heart palpitations), which arise from beliefs that these anxiety-related sensations have harmful consequences ((Reiss, S., Peterson, R.A., Gursky, D.M., & McNally, R.J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8)).\\

Taylor and colleagues developed the ASI-3 in order to assess the basic dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: (1) fear of physical symptoms, (2) fear of cognitive symptoms, and (3) fear of publicly observable symptoms 
((Taylor, S., et al. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19, 176-188. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176)). Each dimension predicts different types of psychopathology (e.g., fear of physical symptoms is most closely associated with panic disorder). The analysis of the dimensions of anxiety sensitivity provides are more nuanced way of examining the relationship between specific types of anxiety sensitivity and specific types of psychopathology.\\

The validity and reliability of the 16-item ASI was tested in the general population ((Reiss, S., Peterson, R.A., Gursky, D.M., & McNally, R.J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8)) and more recently in a population of Dutch young adults ((Vujanovic et al. 2007, Assessment 14(2); 129-143)).\\
There are several links between a high ASI-score and the development of disorders such as phobia and panic disorders, amongst others ((Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety (Personality and Clinical Psychology Series), 2014)). \\

==== Variables ====

Participants score 16 items on a 5-point [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale|Likert scale]], ranging from “this does not apply to me at all” to “this does very much apply to me”.\\

| **Questions English**                                                                      | **Questions Dutch**                                                                | **Variable**  | **Assessment**             | **Age**  |
| It is important for me not to appear nervous.                                              | Ik vind het belangrijk om niet zenuwachtig over te komen.                          | ASI1          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| When I cannot keep my mind on a task, I worry that I might be going crazy.                 | Als ik ergens mijn aandacht niet bij kan houden, ben ik bang gek te worden.       | ASI2          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when I feel shaky (trembling).                                                | Het maakt me bang wanneer ik me draaierig (trillerig) voel.                        | ASI3          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when I feel faint.                                                            | Het maakt me bang wanneer ik me duizelig voel.                                     | ASI4          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It is important to me to stay in control of my emotions.                                   | Ik vind het belangrijk om mijn emoties de baas te blijven                         | ASI5          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when my heart beats rapidly.                                                  | Het maakt mij bang wanneer mijn hart snel klopt.                                   | ASI6          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It embarrasses me when my stomach growls.                                                  | Ik ben van slag wanneer mijn maag knort.                                           | ASI7          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when I am nauseous.                                                           | Het maakt me bang wanneer ik me misselijk voel.                                    | ASI8          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| When I notice that my heart is beating rapidly, I worry that I might have a heart attack.  | Wanneer ik merk dat mijn hart snel klopt, ben ik bang een hartaanval te krijgen.   | ASI9          | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when I become short of breath.                                                | Het maakt me bang wanneer ik adem tekort kom.                                      | ASI10         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| When my stomach is upset, I worry that I might be seriously ill.                           | Wanneer mijn maag van streek is, ben ik bang erg ziek te worden.                   | ASI11         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when I am unable to keep my mind on a task.                                   | Het maakt me bang wanneer ik ergens mijn aandacht niet bij kan houden.            | ASI12         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| Other people notice when I feel shaky.                                                     | Anderen merken aan mij dat ik me draaierig voel.                                   | ASI13         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| Unusual body sensations scare me.                                                          | Ongewone lichamelijke sensaties maken me bang.                                     | ASI14         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| When I am nervous, I worry that I might be mentally ill.                                   | Wanneer ik me zenuwachtig voel, ben ik bang gek te worden.                         | ASI15         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  | 18+      |
| It scares me when I am nervous.                                                            | Het maakt me bang wanneer ik me zenuwachtig voel.                                  | ASI16         | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]]  |  18+     |
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