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====== Nicotine dependence (FTND) ======

Lifetime [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_dependence|nicotine dependence]], i.e. the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine in the period of heaviest smoking, was assessed in adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) ([[sections|section]]: [[mental health]]).\\ 
Note that Lifelines also assessed participants' [[smoking & tobacco use]] in general.

===== Background =====
The Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire was developed by Karl-Olov Fagerström. This instrument was modified to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence by Todd Heatherton, et al. in 1991((Heatherton, T.F. et al. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 86:1119-27)). The FTND is copyrighted by Taylor and Francis Ltd., but may be reproduced without permission, as available from the source reference.\\
The FTND was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. In the clinic, the Fagerström test may be used by the physician to document indications for prescribing medication for nicotine withdrawal.

===== Scoring =====
The FTND contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence (items FTND03-08). Items were scored from 0 to 1 (yes/no items) or from 0 to 3 (multiple-choice items). The scores are summed to yield a total score of 0-10. The higher the total Fagerström score, the more intense is the patient's physical dependence on nicotine.

| **Questions English**                                                                                                                                                                           | **Questions Dutch**                                                                                                                                                                        | **Code**                  | **Variable**  | **Assessment**             | **Age**  |
| Which substance did you use during your period of heaviest smoking?                                                                                                                             | Wat rookte u tijdens de periode dat u het meeste rookte?                                                                                                                                   | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01    | FTND1         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many cigarettes did you smoke in your lifetime?                                                                                                                                             | Hoeveel sigaretten hebt u gedurende uw hele leven gerookt?                                                                                                                                 | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_a  | FTND1A        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How often did you smoke e-cigarettes in your lifetime?                                                                                                                                          | Hoe vaak hebt u gedurende uw hele leven elektronische sigaretten gerookt?                                                                                                                  | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_b  | FTND1B        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many cigars did you smoke in your lifetime?                                                                                                                                                 | Hoeveel sigaren hebt u gedurende uw hele leven gerookt?                                                                                                                                    | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_c  | FTND1C        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many cigarillo’s did you smoke in your lifetime?                                                                                                                                            | Hoeveel cigarillo's hebt u gedurende uw hele leven gerookt?                                                                                                                                | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_d  | FTND1D        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many times did you smoke pipe tabacco in your lifetime?                                                                                                                                     | Hoe vaak hebt u gedurende uw hele leven pijp gerookt?                                                                                                                                      | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_e  | FTND1E        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time?                                                                                                                          | Hoe oud was u toen u voor het eerst een hele sigaret, sigaar, cigarillo of pijp rookte?                                                                                                    | ftnd_startage_adu_q_02    | FTND2         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many cigarettes did you usually smoke per day? (There are 20 cigarettes in a pack) / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                 | Hoeveel sigaretten/shagjes rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                                 | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_a      | FTND3A        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many e-cigarettes did you usually smoke per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                                                   | Hoe vaak rookte u gewoonlijk een elektronische sigaret per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                         | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_b      | FTND3B        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many cigars did you usually smoke per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                                                         | Hoeveel sigaren rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                                            | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_c      | FTND3C        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many cigarillos did you usually smoke per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                                                     | Hoeveel cigarillo's rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                                        | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_d      | FTND3D        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| How many times did you usually smoke pipe per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                                                     | Hoeveel pijp rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                                               | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_e      | FTND3E        | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| how soon after you woke up did you smoke your first cigarette? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                                         | Hoe lang na het ontwaken rookte u de eerste sigaret, elektronische sigaret, sigaar, cigarillo of pijp? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven  | ftnd_wakeup_adu_q_04      | FTND4         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| Did you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it was forbidden? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                    | Vond u het moeilijk om niet te roken op plekken waar dit niet mocht? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                    | ftnd_locations_adu_q_05   | FTND5         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| Which smoking moment would you have hated most to give up? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                                             | Welk rookmoment zou u het minst graag hebben opgegeven? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                                                 | ftnd_moments_adu_q_06     | FTND6         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| Did you smoke more frequently during the first hours after awakening than during the rest of the day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest  | Rookte u de eerste uren na het opstaan meer dan gedurende de rest van de dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                           | ftnd_mornings_adu_q_07    | FTND7         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
| Did you smoke even if you were so ill that you were in bed most of the day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest                            | Rookte u ook door als u zo ziek was dat u het grootste deel van de dag in bed lag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven                      | ftnd_illness_adu_q_08     | FTND8         | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]]  | 18+      |
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