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====== Ophthalmology Questionnaire (OQ) ======

In [[2A Questionnaire 2]], adult Lifelines participants filled in questionnaire about eye conditions, developed by the [[https://www.narcis.nl/organisation/RecordID/ORG1235281/Language/en|Department of Ophthalmology]] at the UMCG ([[sections|section]]: [[diseases & symptoms]]).\\
The questionnaire contained both general questions and questions from validated ophthalmological instruments:
  * **VISION1-5**: general questions on the use of vision aids 
  * **VISION6-24**: questions derived from the VFQ-25 on visual impairments and related functional limitations 
  * **VISION25A/B**: general questions about the diagnosis of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration|macular degeneration]] and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma|glaucoma]] 
  * **VISION26-28**: questions derived from the Short Questionnaire for Dry Eye Syndrome (SQ-DES) 
  * **VISION29-30**: general questions about (laser) eye surgery
  * **VISION31A1-5**: general questions about the use of eye drops or gel
Note that Lifelines also assessed eye conditions with various [[Eye conditions (general)|general questions]].

===== VFQ25 =====
The [[https://www.rand.org/health-care/surveys_tools/vfq.html|Visual Functioning Questionnaire]] (VFQ-25) is a vision-specific measure of health-related [[wellbeing & subjective health|quality of life]], composed of eight multi-item scales, four single-item scales, and one composite score ranging in value from 0 (poor) to 100 (high). 
The full VFQ-25 consists of 3 parts: 
  - overall health and vision
  - functional limitations due to vision
  - dealing with problems due to vision
In Lifelines only part 1 and 2 of the translated VFQ-25((Van der Sterre GW et al. National Eye Institute visual functioning questionnaire – 25 Nederlandse Consensus Vertaling. September 2001)) was used. Thus far, there is no information available regarding validity and reliability of this subset.\\
For the full VFQ-25, Mangione et al. (1998)((Mangione CM et al. Psychometric properties of the national eye institute visual function questionnaire (NEI-VFQ). NEI-VFQ field test investigators. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116(11):1496-504))((Mangione CM et al. Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1050-1058)) was the first to show that it is reliable and valid. They showed that the psychometric properties of the NEI-VFQ were not influenced by the type or severity of the underlying eye disease, suggesting that the measure will provide reproducible and valid data when used across multiple eye conditions.\\ 
The VFQ-25 has additionally been shown to be valid and reliable in several populations and eye diseases ((Kodjebacheva G et al. Reliability and validity of abbreviated surveys derived from the national eye institute visual function questionnaire: The study of osteoporotic fractures. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149(2):330-40))((Lloyd AJ et al. Psychometric validation of the visual function questionnaire-25 in patients with diabetic macular edema. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2013;1110,7525-11-10))((Marella M et al. The psychometric validity of the NEI VFQ-25 for use in a low-vision population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(6):2878-84))((Orr P et al. Validation of the national eye institute visual function questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(6):3354-9))((Revicki DA et al. Reliability and validity of the national eye institute visual function questionnaire-25 in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(2):712-7))((Iyigun E, Bayer A, Tastan S, Demiralp M, et al. Validity and reliability study for the NEI-VFO-39 scale in chronic ophthalmic diseases--Turkish version. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010 Jun;88(4) ))\\


===== SQ-DES =====
([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_eye_syndrome|Dry Eye Syndrome]] (DES/DED or Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is the condition of having dry eyes. Other associated symptoms include irritation, redness, discharge, and easily fatigued eyes. Blurred vision may also occur. The symptoms can range from mild and occasional to severe and continuous. Scarring of the cornea may occur in some cases without treatment.\\
There are no validated Dutch dry eye questionnaires. The SQ-DES, derived from the Women's Health Questionnaire,  is a short and simple questionnaire of three questions leading to a dichotomous outcome (DES or no DES) and is unequivocal to translate. Other questionnaires (like the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) or Ocular Comfort Index (OCI)) have been shown to be ‘random number generators’ on a population level and include too many questions to be included in Lifelines (more than 10 each).\\
The English SQ-DES has been validated by Gulati et al. (2006)((Gulati A, Sullivan R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana R, Schaumberg DA. Validation and repeatability of a short questionnaire for dry eye syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(1):125-131)) as a sensitive and repeatable tool that is easy to administer in large epidemiological studies.\\

===== Publications using Lifelines OQ data =====

  * Bazeer, S. et al (2019). The relationship between occupation and dry eye. The Ocular Surface 17(3); 484-490
  * Vehof J. et al. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. The Ocular Surface: in press 
  * Neustaeter, A. et al. (2020). Glaucoma in large-scale population-based epidemiology: a questionnaire-based proxy. Eye (Lond): in press


===== Variables =====

| **Questions English**                                                                                                                                                                                                    | **Questions Dutch**                                                                                                                                                                                                               | **Code**                       | **Variable**  | **Assessment**                                      | **Age**  |
| do you wear glasses, reading glasses or contact lenses?                                                                                                                                                                  | draagt u een bril, leesbril of contactlenzen?                                                                                                                                                                                     | vision_aid_adu_q_1             | VISION1A      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| what do you wear?                                                                                                                                                                                                        | wat draagt u?                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | vision_aid_adu_q_1_a           | VISION1B      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| can you see in the distance without glasses or contact lenses (e.g. watch television)?                                                                                                                                   | kunt u zonder bril of contactlenzen goed in de verte zien (bv. televisie kijken)?                                                                                                                                                 | vision_far_adu_q_1             | VISION2       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| can you see close by without glasses or contact lenses (e.g. read a book)?                                                                                                                                               | kunt u zonder bril of contactlenzen goed dichtbij zien (bv. een boek lezen)?                                                                                                                                                      | vision_near_adu_q_1            | VISION3       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| how old were you when you started wearing glasses or contact lenses?                                                                                                                                                     | hoe oud was u ongeveer toen u voor het eerst een bril of contactlenzen kreeg?                                                                                                                                                     | vision_aid_adu_q_1_b           | VISION4       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| what was the main reason for buying those glasses or contact lenses?                                                                                                                                                     | wat was de belangrijkste reden om die bril of contactlenzen aan te schaffen?                                                                                                                                                      | vision_aid_adu_q_1_c           | VISION5       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| how would you describe your general state of health? (past month)                                                                                                                                                        | hoe zou u uw algehele gezondheidstoestand omschrijven? (afgelopen maand)                                                                                                                                                          | vfq_ratehealth_adu_q_01        | VISION6       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[NEXT]]                  | 18+      |
| how would you rate your eyesight in both eyes together at the moment (and glasses or contact lenses, if you wear these)?                                                                                                 | hoe zou u op dit moment zeggen dat uw gezichtsvermogen met beide ogen samen (met bril of contactlenzen, als u deze draagt) is?                                                                                                    | vfq_ratesight_adu_q_02         | VISION7       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| how often do you worry about your eyesight?                                                                                                                                                                              | hoe vaak maakt u zich zorgen over uw gezichtsvermogen?                                                                                                                                                                            | vfq_worry_adu_q_03             | VISION8       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| how much pain or discomfort do you experience in and around your eyes (e.g. burning, itching or pain)?                                                                                                                   | hoeveel pijn of ongemak hebt u in en rond uw ogen (bv. branderigheid, jeuk of pijn)?                                                                                                                                              | vfq_ocularpain_adu_q_04        | VISION9       | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble reading a normal newspaper because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                                          | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om een normale krantendruk te lezen?                                                                                                                           | vfq_limitations_adu_q_05       | VISION10      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble with tasks or hobbies because of your eyesight because they required good close-up vision, such as cooking, sewing, repairing things around the house, the use of manual tools, in the past month?  | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen met werkzaamheden of hobby’s waarbij u goed dichtbij moet kunnen zien, zoals koken, naaien, dingen in huis repareren, of bij het gebruik van handgereedschap?  | vfq_limitations_adu_q_06       | VISION11      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble finding something on a full shelf because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                                   | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen met het vinden van iets op een volle plank?                                                                                                                    | vfq_limitations_adu_q_07       | VISION12      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble reading streets signs or shop names because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                                 | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen met het lezen van straatnaamborden of de namen van winkels?                                                                                                    | vfq_limitations_adu_q_08       | VISION13      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble, in the past month, stepping down a poorly lit step, stairs or kerb, or at night, due to of eyesight problems?                                                                                      | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om een afstapje, een trap of een stoeprand af te stappen bij slechte verlichting of ’s nachts?                                                                 | vfq_limitations_adu_q_09       | VISION14      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble seeing things beside you while passing because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                              | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om dingen opzij op te merken terwijl u er langs loopt?                                                                                                         | vfq_limitations_adu_q_10       | VISION15      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble seeing how people react to you because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                                      | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om te zien hoe mensen reageren op wat u zegt?                                                                                                                  | vfq_limitations_adu_q_11       | VISION16      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble selecting and matching your own clothes because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                             | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen met het uitzoeken en combineren van uw eigen kleding?                                                                                                          | vfq_limitations_adu_q_12       | VISION17      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble visiting people, going to a party or restaurant because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                     | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om bij mensen op visite te gaan, op feesten of in restaurants?                                                                                                 | vfq_limitations_adu_q_13       | VISION18      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble when going out to see movies, performances or sports events because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                         | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen met het uitgaan om bioscoopfilms, theater of sportevenementen te zien?                                                                                         | vfq_limitations_adu_q_14       | VISION19      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| do you drive a car?                                                                                                                                                                                                      | rijdt u momenteel auto?                                                                                                                                                                                                           | vfq_driving_adu_q_15           | VISION20      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[NEXT]]                  | 18+      |
| what is the reason you do not/no longer drive a car?                                                                                                                                                                     | wat is de reden dat u nu geen auto (meer) rijdt?                                                                                                                                                                                  | vfq_driving_adu_q_15_a         | VISION21      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble driving a car during the daytime because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                                    | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om overdag auto te rijden in een bekende omgeving?                                                                                                             | vfq_driving_adu_q_15_b         | VISION22      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| have you had trouble driving a car at night because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                                                                                                              | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen om ’s nachts auto te rijden?                                                                                                                                   | vfq_driving_adu_q_16           | VISION23      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| did you have trouble driving under difficult circumstances, such as bad weather, during rush hour, on the motorway or in the city, because of eyesight problems in the past month?                                       | hebt u de afgelopen maand moeite gehad vanwege uw gezichtsvermogen met het rijden onder moeilijke omstandigheden, zoals bij slecht weer, tijdens het spitsuur, op de snelweg of in stadsverkeer?                                  | vfq_driving_adu_q_16_a         | VISION24      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| macula degeneration / has an ophthalmologist ever diagnosed you with any of the eye diseases listed below?                                                                                                               | slijtage van het netvlies (maculadegeneratie) / heeft een oogarts bij u ooit onderstaande oogziekten vastgesteld?                                                                                                                 | vision_macula_adu_q_1          | VISION25A     | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| glaucoma / high eye pressure / has an ophthalmologist ever diagnosed you with any of the eye diseases listed below?                                                                                                      | glaucoom/hoge oogdruk / heeft een oogarts bij u ooit onderstaande oogziekten vastgesteld?                                                                                                                                         | vision_glaucoma_adu_q_1        | VISION25B     | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| has a doctor ever diagnosed you with dry eyes?                                                                                                                                                                           | heeft een arts bij u ooit droge ogen vastgesteld?                                                                                                                                                                                 | des_diagnosis_adu_q_01         | VISION26      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| how often do your eyes feel dry (not moist enough)?                                                                                                                                                                      | hoe vaak voelen uw ogen droog aan (niet nat genoeg)?                                                                                                                                                                              | des_dryness_adu_q_02           | VISION27      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| how often do your eyes feel irritated?                                                                                                                                                                                   | hoe vaak voelen uw ogen geïrriteerd aan?                                                                                                                                                                                          | des_irritation_adu_q_03        | VISION28      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| have you ever had laser surgery on your eyes?                                                                                                                                                                            | hebt u ooit een laserbehandeling aan de ogen gehad?                                                                                                                                                                               | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_a  | VISION29      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| posterior capsular opacification / for which condition did you have laser surgery?                                                                                                                                       | nastaar / voor welke aandoening hebt u een laserbehandeling gehad?                                                                                                                                                                | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_b  | VISION29A1    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| glaucoma or high eye pressure / for which condition did you have laser surgery?                                                                                                                                          | glaucoom/hoge oogdruk / voor welke aandoening hebt u een laserbehandeling gehad?                                                                                                                                                  | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_c  | VISION29A2    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| diabetes / for which condition did you have laser surgery?                                                                                                                                                               | suikerziekte / voor welke aandoening hebt u een laserbehandeling gehad?                                                                                                                                                           | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_d  | VISION29A3    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| to no longer have to wear glasses/contact lenses / for which condition did you have laser surgery?                                                                                                                       | om van de bril/lenzen af te komen / voor welke aandoening hebt u een laserbehandeling gehad?                                                                                                                                      | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_e  | VISION29A4    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| other reason / for which condition did you have laser surgery?                                                                                                                                                           | andere reden / voor welke aandoening hebt u een laserbehandeling gehad?                                                                                                                                                           | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_f  | VISION29A5    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| i don't know or i don't remember / for which condition did you have laser surgery?                                                                                                                                       | weet ik niet (meer) / voor welke aandoening hebt u een laserbehandeling gehad?                                                                                                                                                    | vision_lasersurgery_adu_q_1_g  | VISION29A6    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| have you ever had eye surgery?                                                                                                                                                                                           | bent u ooit aan de ogen geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                                               | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_a    | VISION30      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| cataract / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                                                                     | staar / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                                  | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_b    | VISION30A1    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| glaucoma / high eye pressure / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                                                 | glaucoom/ hoge oogdruk / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                 | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_c    | VISION30A2    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| retinal detachment / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                                                           | netvliesloslating / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                      | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_d    | VISION30A3    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| diabetes / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                                                                     | suikerziekte / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                           | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_e    | VISION30A4    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| to no longer have to wear glasses/contact lenses / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                             | om van de bril/lenzen af te komen / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                      | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_f    | VISION30A5    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| other reason / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                                                                 | andere reden / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                           | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_g    | VISION30A6    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| i don't know / don't remember / for which condition did you have surgery?                                                                                                                                                | weet ik niet (meer) / voor welke aandoening bent u geopereerd?                                                                                                                                                                    | vision_eyesurgery_adu_q_1_h    | VISION30A7    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| are you using eye drops or eye gel now?                                                                                                                                                                                  | gebruikt u momenteel oogdruppels of een ooggel?                                                                                                                                                                                   | vision_medication_adu_q_1_a    | VISION31      | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| glaucoma or high eye pressure / for which condition are you using eye drops or eye gel?                                                                                                                                  | glaucoom/hoge oogdruk / waarvoor gebruikt u oogdruppels of ooggel?                                                                                                                                                                | vision_medication_adu_q_1_b    | VISION31A1    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| allergy / for which condition are you using eye drops or eye gel?                                                                                                                                                        | allergie / waarvoor gebruikt u oogdruppels of ooggel?                                                                                                                                                                             | vision_medication_adu_q_1_c    | VISION31A2    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| dry eyes / for which condition are you using eye drops or eye gel?                                                                                                                                                       | droge ogen / waarvoor gebruikt u oogdruppels of ooggel?                                                                                                                                                                           | vision_medication_adu_q_1_d    | VISION31A3    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| other reason / for which condition are you using eye drops or eye gel?                                                                                                                                                   | andere reden / waarvoor gebruikt u oogdruppels of ooggel?                                                                                                                                                                         | vision_medication_adu_q_1_e    | VISION31A4    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
| i don't know / for which condition are you using eye drops or eye gel?                                                                                                                                                   | weet ik niet / waarvoor gebruikt u oogdruppels of ooggel?                                                                                                                                                                         | vision_medication_adu_q_1_f    | VISION31A5    | [[2A Questionnaire 2|2A]] [[3B]] [[NEXT]]           | 18+      |
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