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====== Covid-19 questionnaires (COVQ) ======

The Lifelines Covid-19 (COVQ) project consists of a series of [[additional assessments|additional questionnaires]] to be filled in by adult [[start|Lifelines]] [[cohort|participants]] during the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019|Covid-19]] pandemic of 2020.\\ 
The project is a collaboration between [[https://www.lifelines.nl/corona-onderzoek|Lifelines]], the[[https://www.umcg.nl|University Medical Centre Groningen]], the [[https://www.rug.nl|University of Groningen]] and the [[https://www.rug.nl/aletta|Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health]].\\
The aim of the project is to assess the possible multifactorial causes of developing serious symptoms in response to an infection with Covid-19, as well as the impact of the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic|pandemic]] and the associated [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine|quarantine]] on physical and mental health and socio-economic status in the general population.

===== Protocol =====

Digital questionnaires were sent out weekly (later: bi-weekly and monthly) to all adult Lifelines participants with a known e-mail address.
COVQ1 and COVQ2 contain “baseline” questions to obtain important current basic characteristics of all respondents.\\
All follow-up questionnaires (COVQ3 to COVQ12) contain a basic set of questions, complemented with a set of variable additional questions.\\ 
COVQ10 was a longer ‘special’ questionnaire. Only some of the basic questions were added. New topics were added about corona adjustments policies, work, holidays and resilience.

===== Reference paper =====

  * Mc Intyre K et al. (2021) [[https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/3/e044474.long|Lifelines COVID-19 cohort: investigating COVID-19 infection and its health and societal impacts in a Dutch population-based cohort]]. BMJ Open 11(3):e044474.

Other papers from the Lifelines COVID-19 initiative:

  * van Blokland IV et al. (2021) [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255402|Using symptom-based case predictions to identify host genetic factors that contribute to COVID-19 susceptibility]]. PLoS ONE 16(8): e0255402
  * Ballering AV et al. (2022) [[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01214-4/fulltext|Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study]]. Lancet 400(10350):452-461
  * Warmerdam CAR et al. (2022) [[https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1010135|Increased genetic contribution to wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic]]. PLoS Genet 18(5):e1010135
  * Ori, A et al. (2023) [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032722013003?via%3Dihub|Longitudinal analyses of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation highlight greater prevalence in the northern Dutch population during the COVID-19 lockdowns]]. J Affect Disord 323:62-70

===== Timeline & Response =====

In April 2020, Lifelines started to send out the first questionnaires to ~130,000 adult Lifelines [[cohort|participants]]. Follow-up questionnaires were send out on a weekly (and later bi-weekly and monthly) basis.
  * Questionnaire 1-7: ~130.000 participants were invited
  * Questionnaire 8-17: ~110,000 participants were invited
  * Questionnaire 18-23: ~65,500 participants were invited (selection: at least 2 previous COVQ questionnaires filled in)
  * Questionnaire 24-29: ~50,000 participants were invited (selection: at least 1 COVQ questionaires filled in in 2021, and no "unsubscribe" e-mail sent)  

^ COVQ  ^ Date                    ^ Response  ^ Response rate  ^
| 1     | 30-03 to 23-04-2020     | ~53,000   | 41%            |
| 2     | 02-04 to 06-05-2020     | ~51,000   | 39%            |
| 3     | 12-04 to 06-05-2020     | ~50,000   | 38%            |
| 4     | 16-04 to 13-05-2020     | ~47,000   | 36%            |
| 5     | 19-04 to 20-05-2020     | ~45,000   | 35%            |
| 6     | 28-04 to 27-05-2020     | ~43,000   | 33%            |
| 7     | 15-05 to 29-05-2020     | ~45,000   | 34%            |
| 8*    | 23-05 to 24-06-2020     | ~38,000   | 34%            |
| 9     | 11-06 to 29-06-2020     | ~37,000   | 33%            |
| 10    | 07-07 to 29-07-2020     | ~33,000   | 30%            |
| 11    | 10-07 to 05-08-2020     | ~35,000   | 32%            |
| 12    | 24-07 to 02-09-2020     | ~36,000   | 32%            |
| 13    | 08-09 to 30-09-2020     | ~35,000   | 32%            |
| 14    | 13-10 to 04-11-2020     | ~34,000   | 31%            |
| 15    | 02-11 to 26-11-2020     | ~34,000   | 31%            |
| 15b   | 15-11 to 10-12-2020     | ~33,000   | 30%            |
| 16    | 02-12 to 21-12-2020     | ~31,000   | 28%            |
| 16b   | 08-12 to 05-01-2021     | ~32,000   | 29%            |
| 17    | 05-01 to 08-02-2021     | ~34,000   | 31%            |
| 18*   | 25-02 to 25-03-2021     | ~32,000   | 49%            |
| 19    | 29-03 to 22-04-2021     | ~29,000   | 45%            |
| 20    | 26-04 to 20-05-2021     | ~29,000   | 44%            |
| 21    | 25-05 to 18-06-2021     | ~29,000   | 45%            |
| 22    | 04-07 to 30-07-2021     | ~24,000   | 36%            |
| 23    | 11-10 to 04-11-2021     | ~23,000   | 37%            |
| 24*   | 20-12-21 to 12-01-2022  | ~25,000   | 48%            |
| 25    | 28-02 to 24-03-2022     | ~20,000   | 38%            |
| 26    | 11-04 to 04-05-2022     | ~20,000   | 40%            |
| 27    | 31-05 to 27-06-2022     | ~19,000   | 36%            |
| 28    | 11-07 to 03-08-2022     | ~18,000   | 36%            |
| 29    | 29-09 to 19-10-2022     | ~21,000   | 42%            |

^ Number of participants  ^ First 19 questionnaires completed?  ^
| ~77,000                 | 1 of 19                                   |
| ~66,000                 | 2 of 19                                   |
| ~60,000                 | 3 of 19                                   |
| ~55,000                 | 4 of 19                                   |
| ~51,000                 | 5 of 19                                   |
| ~48,000                 | 6 of 19                                   |
| ~45,000                 | 7 of 19                                   |
| ~42,000                 | 8 of 19                                   |
| ~40,000                 | 9 of 19                                   |
| ~37,500                 | 10 of 19                                  |
| ~35,500                 | 11 of 19                                  |
| ~33,000                 | 12 of 19                                  |
| ~31,000                 | 13 of 19                                  |
| ~28,500                 | 14 of 19                                  |
| ~26,500                 | 15 of 19                                  |
| ~24,000                 | 16 of 19                                  |
| ~21,000                 | 17 of 19                                  |
| ~17,000                 | 18 of 19                                  |
| ~11,000                 | 19 of 19                                  |

===== Variables =====

COVQ assessed variables in the following corona-specific subsections:

  * [[Demographics]]: 
     * [[Work & income (Covid-19)]] (incl. work situation and job loss of participants and family members)
  * [[Diseases & symptoms]]:
     * [[Covid-19 infection]] (infection with Covid-19 itself) 
     * [[Chronic diseases (Covid-19)]] (participant's history of chronic diseases)
     * [[Symptoms (Covid-19)]] (all types of symptoms suffered during the Corona crisis)
  * [[Lifestyle & environment]]:
     * [[Lifestyle (Covid-19)]] (incl. diet, activity, smoking, alcohol use, and compliance with Covid-measures)
     * [[Quarantine (Covid-19)]] (compliance with quarantine/self-isolation guidelines)
  * [[Medical treatment]]:
     * [[Medication (Covid-19)]] (extensive questionnaire on medication use during the corona crisis)
     * [[Vaccination (Covid-19)]] (questions about vaccination with the covid-19 vaccins)
  * [[Mental health]]:
     * [[Mental health (Covid-19)]] (items derived from the [[mini neuropsychiatric interview|MINI]]) + memory
     * [[Social functioning (Covid-19)]] (incl. social isolation, connection, feelings about society)
  * [[Wellbeing & subjective health]]
     * [[Wellbeing (Covid-19)]] (quality of life during the corona crisis)

 In addition, various variables were collected in general subsections:

  * [[Demographics]]: [[Personal data]] (1 item on response date)
  * [[Demographics]]: [[Family composition]] (1 item on pregnancy)
  * [[Demographics]]: [[Household composition]] (children living at home)
  * [[Demographics]]: [[Education]] (home-schooling)
  * [[Diseases & symptoms]]: [[Infectious diseases]] (participant's history of infectious diseases)
  * [[Medical treatment]]: [[Vaccination]]
  * [[Medical treatment]]: [[Treatment (general)]] (postponement of medical treatments due to the corona crisis)
  * [[Physical state]]: [[Anthropometry (Self-reported)]] (body weight)
  * [[Reproduction & development]]: [[Menstruation]]
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