====== ADHD (ADHQ) ======

ADHD is the name of an [[additional assessments|additional questionnaire]] on prevalence and co-morbidities of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder|attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] among Lifelines participants. 
Implementation of this questionnaire in [[start|Lifelines]] was initiated by the [[https://www.umcg.nl/NL/UMCG/Afdelingen/Universitair_Centrum_Psychiatrie/Paginas/default.aspx|University Center of Psychiatry]] of the UMCG, as part of the EU Horizon-2020 [[https://coca-project.eu|CoCa]] (co-morbid conditions of ADHD) project.\\

The collected ADHD data is currently under embargo. Please contact the Lifelines data managers at [[data@lifelines.nl]] for more information.
===== Protocol =====

ADHQ aimed to measure the rate of ADHD within the Lifelines cohort, as well as potential co-morbidities such as autism spectrum problems, mood disorders, substance abuse, and sleeping problems. 
ADHQ contained separate but overlapping digital questionnaires that were tailored to three groups of Lifelines participants, plus a group of significant others:

  - [[Children]] 4-12 years old. Parents filled in the complete questionnaire. In this group, the questionnaire also included a [[DCDQ|Developmental Coordination Disorder]] questionnaire.
  - Adolescents 13-17 years old. Adolescents filled in their own questionnaire, except for items on [[ADHD Rating Scale|ADHD]] and [[Social behaviour (ASBQ/CSBQ)|autism spectrum problems]] which were filled in by their parents. 
  - Adults of 18+ years old filled in their own questionnaires. 
  - For adult participants, items on [[ADHD Rating Scale|ADHD]], [[Cognitive decline (IQCODE)|cognition]], [[Social behaviour (ASBQ/CSBQ)|autism spectrum problems]] and [[aggression (ASR/ABCL)|aggression]] were (also) filled in by a significant other such as a parent, partner, or similar.

Rationale for the use of parental or other informants: self-insight is limited for neurodevelopmental problems such as ADHD or autism spectrum, and a second informant is required to rate the presence of the symptoms in order to meet the existing publication standards regarding valid diagnostic information.

===== Timeline =====

  * Batch 1: march - june 2017 (all age groups)
  * Batch 2: jan - april 2018 (additional adults and adult informants only)
  * Batch 3: jan - april 2019 (non-responders of adults and adult informants only)

===== Response =====

**Children (4-12)**\\
~5,700 children (i.e., their parents) were invited for ADHQ.\\
The response rate of the parental informants was 33% (n=~1,800).\\

**Adolescents (13-17)**\\
~4,200 adolescents and their parents were invited for ADHQ\\
The response rate of the adolescents was 15% (n=~600).\\
The response rate of their parental informants was 19% (n=~800).\\

**Adults (18+)**\\ 
~85,000 adults and informants were invited for ADHQ\\
The response rate of the adult participants was 45% (n=~38,500).\\ 
The response rate of the informants was 22% (n=18,000).\\

===== Publications =====

The following publication was based on the ADHD Assessment:

  * Vos M and Hartman CA (2022) [[https://jogh.org/2022/jogh-12-03024|The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed]]. J Glob Health 12: 03024
  * Cardoso Melo RD et al. (2023) [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886922005463|Reward sensitivity across the lifespan in males and females and its associations with psychopathology]]. Pers Individ Differ 204, 112041
  * Sarsembayeva D et al. (2023) [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352721823002449?via%3Dihub|Nonlinear associations between insomnia symptoms and circadian preferences in the general population: Symptom-specific and lifespan differences in men and women]]. Sleep Health (in press)

===== Variables =====

The ADHQ questionnaires included several items that were used in other Lifelines assessments as well:
 
  * [[Child behavior (CBCL)]] 
  * [[Youth self report (YSR)]]  
  * [[MINI Neuropsychiatric Interview]], digital self-report version  
  * [[FFQ|Alcohol use]], quantitative using the FFQ
  * [[Drug use]]  
  * [[Anthropometry (self-reported)]] 

In addition, the ADHQ questionnaires included the following unique items:
  * [[ADHD Rating Scale]]  
  * [[Social behaviour (ASBQ/CSBQ)]]
  * [[Aggression (ASR/ABCL)]] 
  * [[Chronotype (CSM)]]
  * [[Chronotype (CCTQ)]]
  * [[Reward sensitivity (SPSRQ)]] 
  * [[Cognitive decline (IQCODE)]]