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====== Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) ======

The Parental Bonding Instrument is a questionnaire that can be used to study optimal and distorted parental bonding((Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB. A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1979;52:1-10. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.)). It assesses the bond between the participant and the two parental figures that or played the most important role in his/her upbringing ('parent 1' and 'parent 2').\\
The PBI was implemented in both adult ([[sections|section]]: [[mental health]]) and adolescent ([[sections|section]]: [[children & adolescents]]) Lifelines participants in the context of an additional questionnaire: [[OPBQ]].\\
Note that parental bonding was also assessed in adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants in the context of another [[additional assessments|additional questionnaire]] ([[MHDQ]]), using the [[Parental bonding (MIDUS)|MIDUS]] survey.

The PBI consists of 2 sets of 25 items (1 set per parent). Participants were asked to fill in the questionnaire for their biological mother and father, if these parents raised them in the first 16 years of their lives. If one or both biological parents were involved in their upbringing for less than 4 years, participants were asked to fill in the questionnaire for the most important/involved parental figure(s) (e.g. step- or foster parent) instead.\\ 

Note that in OPBQ, **item 02** differs from the original PBI (phrased as a confirmatory rather than a negative question).

In OPBQ, 2 extra questions for each  parent ('parent 1' and 'parent 2' as indicated for the PBI) were added to assess parental  optimism. 

===== Variables =====

| **Questions English**                                                                                                                                                                                        | **Questions Dutch**                                                                                                                                                                                      | **Code**               | **Variable**  | **Assessment**  | **Age**  |
| i fill in [parental bonding instrument 1/2] about my:\\ biological father\\ biological mother\\ stepfather\\ stepmother\\ adoptive mother\\ adoptive father\\ foster mother\\ foster father\\ other person:  | Ik vul [parental bonding instrument 1/2] in over mijn:\\ biologische vader\\ biologische moeder\\ stiefvader\\ stiefmoeder\\ adoptiemoeder\\ adoptievader\\ pleegmoeder\\ pleegvader\\ anders, namelijk  | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_1  | OPT2A/B       | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| i fill in [parental bonding instrument 1/2] about my:\\ biological father\\ biological mother\\ stepfather\\ stepmother\\ adoptive mother\\ adoptive father\\ foster mother\\ foster father\\ other person:  | Ik vul [parental bonding instrument 1/2] in over mijn:\\ biologische vader\\ biologische moeder\\ stiefvader\\ stiefmoeder\\ adoptiemoeder\\ adoptievader\\ pleegmoeder\\ pleegvader\\ anders, namelijk  | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_1  | ACHOPT2A/B    | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |

| **Questions English**                                        | **Questions Dutch**                                                                     | **Code**                | **Variable**  | **Assessment**  | **Age**  |
| this parent/caretaker [parental bonding instrument 1/2]:     | deze ouder/verzorger [parental bonding instrument 1/2]:                                 |                         |               |                 |          |
| spoke to me with a warm and friendly voice                   | richtte zich tot mij met een warme en vriendelijke stem                                 | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_01  | OPT2A/B1      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| **helped me as much as I needed**                                | **hielp mij zo vaak als ik nodig had**                                                      | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_02  | OPT2A/B2      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| let me do those things I liked doing                         | liet me de dingen doen die ik leuk vond                                                 | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_03  | OPT2A/B3      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| seemed emotionally cold to me                                | scheen zich afstandelijk tegenover mij op te stellen                                    | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_04  | OPT2A/B4      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| appeared to understand my problems and worries               | gaf er blijk van mijn problemen en zorgen te begrijpen                                  | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_05  | OPT2A/B5      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| was affectionate to me                                       | gedroeg zich liefdevol tegen mij                                                        | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_06  | OPT2A/B6      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| liked me to make my own decisions                            | liet me graag mijn eigen beslissingen nemen                                             | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_07  | OPT2A/B7      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| did not want me to grow up                                   | wilde niet dat ik volwassen werd                                                        | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_08  | OPT2A/B8      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| tried to control everything I did                            | probeerde alles wat ik deed te controleren                                              | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_09  | OPT2A/B9      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| invaded my privacy                                           | maakte inbreuk op mijn privacy                                                          | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_10  | OPT2A/B10     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| enjoyed talking things over with me                          | vond het prettig om dingen met mij te bespreken                                         | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_11  | OPT2A/B11     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| frequently smiled at me                                      | lachte me vaak vriendelijk toe                                                          | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_12  | OPT2A/B12     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| tended to baby me                                            | was geneigd mij als een baby te behandelen                                              | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_13  | OPT2A/B13     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| did not seem to understand what I needed or wanted           | scheen niet te begrijpen wat ik wilde of nodig had                                      | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_14  | OPT2A/B14     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| let me decide things for myself                              | liet me zelf over dingen beslissen                                                      | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_15  | OPT2A/B15     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| made me feel I was not wanted                                | gaf me het gevoel dat ik niet gewenst was                                               | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_16  | OPT2A/B16     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| could make me feel better when I was upset                   | kon me opvrolijken wanneer ik verdrietig was                                            | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_17  | OPT2A/B17     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| did not talk with me very much                               | sprak niet veel met mij                                                                 | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_18  | OPT2A/B18     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| tried to make me dependent on her/him                        | probeerde me afhankelijk van hem/haar te maken                                          | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_19  | OPT2A/B19     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| felt I could not look after myself unless she/he was around  | was van mening dat ik niet goed voor mezelf kon zorgen, tenzij hij/zij in de buurt was  | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_20  | OPT2A/B20     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| gave me as much freedom as I wanted                          | gaf me zoveel vrijheid als ik wilde                                                     | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_21  | OPT2A/B21     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| let me go out as often as I wanted                           | liet me uitgaan zoveel als ik wilde                                                     | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_22  | OPT2A/B22     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| was overprotective of me                                     | was overdreven beschermend naar mij toe                                                 | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_23  | OPT2A/B23     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| did not praise me                                            | liet zich niet waarderend over mij uit                                                  | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_24  | OPT2A/B24     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| let me dress in any way I pleased                            | liet me vrij in mijn keuze van kleding                                                  | pbi_parent1/2_adu_q_25  | OPT2A/B25     | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |


| **Questions English**                                      | **Questions Dutch**                                                                   | **Code**                | **Variable**  | **Assessment**  | **Age**  |
| this parent/caretaker [parental bonding instrument 1/2]:   | deze ouder/verzorger [parental bonding instrument 1/2]:                               |                         |               |                 |          |
| speaks to me with a warm and friendly voice                | richt zich tot mij met een warme en vriendelijke stem                                 | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_01  | ACHOPT2A/B1   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| **helps me as much as I need**                             | **helpt mij zo vaak als ik nodig heb**                                                | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_02  | ACHOPT2A/B2   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| lets me do those things I like doing                       | laat me de dingen doen die ik leuk vond                                               | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_03  | ACHOPT2A/B3   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| seems emotionally cold to me                               | schijnt zich afstandelijk tegenover mij op te stellen                                 | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_04  | ACHOPT2A/B4   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| appears to understand my problems and worries              | geeft er blijk van mijn problemen en zorgen te begrijpen                              | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_05  | ACHOPT2A/B5   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| is affectionate to me                                      | gedraagt zich liefdevol tegen mij                                                     | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_06  | ACHOPT2A/B6   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| likes me to make my own decisions                          | laat me graag mijn eigen beslissingen nemen                                           | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_07  | ACHOPT2A/B7   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| does not want me to grow up                                | wil niet dat ik volwassen word                                                        | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_08  | ACHOPT2A/B8   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| tries to control everything I do                           | probeert alles wat ik doe te controleren                                              | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_09  | ACHOPT2A/B9   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| invades my privacy                                         | maakt inbreuk op mijn privacy                                                         | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_10  | ACHOPT2A/B10  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| enjoys talking things over with me                         | vindt het prettig om dingen met mij te bespreken                                      | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_11  | ACHOPT2A/B11  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| frequently smiles at me                                    | lacht me vaak vriendelijk toe                                                         | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_12  | ACHOPT2A/B12  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| tends to baby me                                           | is geneigd mij als een baby te behandelen                                             | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_13  | ACHOPT2A/B13  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| does not seem to understand what I need or want            | schijnt niet te begrijpen wat ik wil of nodig heb                                     | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_14  | ACHOPT2A/B14  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| lets me decide things for myself                           | laat me zelf over dingen beslissen                                                    | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_15  | ACHOPT2A/B15  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| makes me feel I am not wanted                              | geeft me het gevoel dat ik niet gewenst ben                                           | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_16  | ACHOPT2A/B16  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| can make me feel better when I am upset                    | kan me opvrolijken wanneer ik verdrietig ben                                          | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_17  | ACHOPT2A/B17  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| does not talk with me very much                            | spreekt niet veel met mij                                                             | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_18  | ACHOPT2A/B18  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| tries to make me dependent on her/him                      | probeert me afhankelijk van hem/haar te maken                                         | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_19  | ACHOPT2A/B19  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| feels I can not look after myself unless she/he is around  | is van mening dat ik niet goed voor mezelf kan zorgen, tenzij hij/zij in de buurt is  | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_20  | ACHOPT2A/B20  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| gives me as much freedom as I want                         | geeft me zoveel vrijheid als ik wil                                                   | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_21  | ACHOPT2A/B21  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| lets me go out as often as I want                          | laat me uitgaan zoveel als ik wil                                                     | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_22  | ACHOPT2A/B22  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| is overprotective of me                                    | is overdreven beschermend naar mij toe                                                | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_23  | ACHOPT2A/B23  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| does not praise me                                         | laat zich niet waarderend over mij uit                                                | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_24  | ACHOPT2A/B24  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| lets me dress in any way I please                          | laat me vrij in mijn keuze van kleding                                                | pbi_parent1/2_ach_q_25  | ACHOPT2A/B25  | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |

| **Questions English**                                        | **Questions Dutch**                                               | **Code**                      | **Variable**  | **Assessment**  | **Age**  |
| this parent/caretaker [parental bonding instrument 1/2]:     | deze ouder/verzorger [parental bonding instrument 1/2]:           |                               |               |                 |          |
| was always optimistic about their own future                 | was altijd optimistisch over de eigen toekomst                    | optimism_parent1/2_adu_q_1_a  | OPT3A/B1      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| usually did not count on anything good happening to him/her  | rekende er meestal niet op dat hem/haar iets goeds zou overkomen  | optimism_parent1/2_adu_q_1_b  | OPT3A/B2      | [[OPBQ]]        | 18+      |
| was always optimistic about their own future                 | was altijd optimistisch over de eigen toekomst                    | optimism_parent1/2_ach_q_1_a  | ACHOPT3A/B1   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |
| usually did not count on anything good happening to him/her  | rekende er meestal niet op dat hem/haar iets goeds zou overkomen  | optimism_parent1/2_ach_q_1_b  | ACHOPT3A/B2   | [[OPBQ]]        | 13-17    |