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--- gender_index [2020/08/20 09:17] – trynke
+++ gender_index [2025/02/05 13:49] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Gender index ======
-Adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants completed [[1A|baseline]] questions on a broad range of topics, enabling researchers from the [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.v.ballering/research|University Medical Center Groningen]] to calculate a gender index((Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine)).
+Researchers from the [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.v.ballering/research|University Medical Center Groningen]] calculated a gender index for adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants based on [[1A|baseline]] questions on a broad range of topics, in order to facilitate the research into the role of gender versus sex in healthy ageing.\\
+Notably, biological [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex|sex]] and psychosocial [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender|gender]] are not the same concepts. Sex refers to the biological characteristics, included but not limited to genes, anatomy, hormones of males and females. Gender, in contrast, entails the embodiment of different roles, behaviors, identities, and relationships of men and women prescribed by societal norms, that result in different social expectations, opportunities and experiences for women and men in a given society. Gender and its embodiment is dynamic over time, while biological sex is mostly stable.\\
-The gender index can be requested in the Lifelines catalogue or by mail (data@lifelines.nl). When this data has been used in your research, you will have to include a reference to the following paper:
+The gender index is a continuum, ranging from 0% ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity|masculinity]]) to 100% ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity|femininity]]). A gender index of 50% indicates androgyny, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present ([[sections]]: [[demographics]] ([[sex & gender]]) and [[secondary & linked variables]]).
-  * [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112968|Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine]].
+The gender index can be requested in the [[https://data-catalogue.lifelines.nl/|Lifelines catalogue]]. When this data has been used in your research, you will have to include a reference to the following paper:
+  * [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112968|Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine 253, 112968]].
 ===== Data selection =====
-Participants had to meet several participants in order to be included in the calculation:
+Participants had to meet several criteria in order to be included in the calculation:
-  * Participants have completed the adult baseline questionnaire
+  * Participants have completed the adult [[1A|baseline]] questionnaires
-  * Participants have their DNA analyzed in GWAS
+  * Participants have their DNA analyzed in [[GWAS|GWAS]]
   * Participants had no suspected intersex condition or non-conform gender identity
 This selection resulted in the inclusion of N=13,321 adult Lifelines participants in a subsample, which was used to calculate the gender index.\\
-\\
 All psychological and social variables are included in the model to construct the gender index, as far as these meet both of the following criteria:
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 The resulting variable from this analysis is the gender index. This variable is a continuum, ranging from 0% (masculinity) to 100% (femininity). A gender index of 50% indicates androgyny, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present.\\
 \\
+===== Publications using the Gender Index =====
+  * Ballering AV et al. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine 253, 112968
+  * Ballering AV et al. (2020) Female sex and femininity independently associate with common somatic symptom trajectories. Psychological Medicine (in press)