User Tools

Site Tools


gender_index
Writing /home/www/site/data/cache/d/d88ec32582d3e745dd28ed1f7fcd02c0.xhtml failed

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revision Previous revision
Next revision
Previous revision
gender_index [2020/08/20 10:07]
laura [Data selection]
gender_index [2020/11/20 10:57] (current)
trynke
Line 1: Line 1:
 ====== Gender index ====== ====== Gender index ======
  
-Adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants ​completed ​[[1A|baseline]] questions on a broad range of topics, ​enabling researchers from the [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.v.ballering/research|University Medical Center Groningen]] to calculate ​gender index.+Researchers from the [[https://​www.rug.nl/​staff/​a.v.ballering/​research|University Medical Center Groningen]] calculated a gender index for adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants ​based on [[1A|baseline]] questions on a broad range of topics, ​in order to facilitate ​the research into the role of gender versus sex in healthy ageing.\\ 
 +Notably, biological ​[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex|sex]] and psychosocial [[https://​en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender|gender]] are not the same concepts. Sex refers ​to the biological characteristics,​ included but not limited to genes, anatomy, hormones of males and females. Gender, in contrast, entails the embodiment of different roles, behaviors, identities, and relationships of men and women prescribed by societal norms, that result in different social expectations,​ opportunities and experiences for women and men in given society. Gender and its embodiment is dynamic over time, while biological sex is mostly stable.\\
  
-The gender index can be requested in the Lifelines catalogue or by mail (data@lifelines.nl). When this data has been used in your researchyou will have to include a reference to the reference paper listed below.+The gender index is a continuum, ranging from 0% ([[https://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Masculinity|masculinity]]to 100% ([[https://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Femininity|femininity]]). A gender index of 50% indicates androgynywhere equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present ([[sections]]:​ [[demographics]] ([[sex & gender]]) and [[secondary & linked variables]]).
  
-===== Reference ​paper ===== +The gender index can be requested in the Lifelines catalogue or by mail (data@lifelines.nl). When this data has been used in your research, you will have to include a reference to the following ​paper: 
-[[https://​doi.org/​10.1016/​j.socscimed.2020.112968|Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine.]] \\+  ​* ​[[https://​doi.org/​10.1016/​j.socscimed.2020.112968|Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine ​253, 112968]].
  
 ===== Data selection ===== ===== Data selection =====
-Participants had to meet several ​participants ​in order to be included in the calculation:​ +Participants had to meet several ​criteria ​in order to be included in the calculation:​ 
-  * Participants have completed the adult baseline ​questionnaire +  * Participants have completed the adult [[1A|baseline]] questionnaires 
-  * Participants have their DNA analyzed in GWAS+  * Participants have their DNA analyzed in [[GWAS|GWAS]]
   * Participants had no suspected intersex condition or non-conform gender identity ​   * Participants had no suspected intersex condition or non-conform gender identity ​
 This selection resulted in the inclusion of N=13,321 adult Lifelines participants in a subsample, which was used to calculate the gender index.\\ This selection resulted in the inclusion of N=13,321 adult Lifelines participants in a subsample, which was used to calculate the gender index.\\
-\\ 
  
 All psychological and social variables are included in the model to construct the gender index, as far as these meet both of the following criteria: ​ All psychological and social variables are included in the model to construct the gender index, as far as these meet both of the following criteria: ​
Line 23: Line 23:
  
 ===== Calculation derivative variable ===== ===== Calculation derivative variable =====
-To construct the gender index, selected variables were entered into an elastic net regularized generalized linear model with sex as dichotomous outcome. The participants were randomly assigned to a trainingset (80%) and a testing set (20%). ​Where the trainingset was used to estimate coefficients ​and the testing set was used to calculate the model's predictive accuracy.+To construct the gender index, ​245 (dummy) variables, derived from the 153 selected variables were entered into an elastic net regularized generalized linear modelwith sex as dichotomous outcome. The participants were randomly assigned to a trainingset (80%) and a testset ​(20%). ​The trainingset was used to estimate ​regression ​coefficients, whereas ​the testing set was used to calculate the developed ​models predictive accuracy. Ultimately, an alpha = 1.0 was found to be the optimal regularization parameter, equaling a LASSO logistic regression. Of the initial 245 potentially sex-related variables, 92 were excluded from the model and 153 (dummy) variables remained representing 85 unique variables. The model’s AUC was 92%
  
-Estimates ​of the coefficients ​(AUC 92%) obtained through the aforementioned regression ​ultimately ​formed the basis of the compisite ​gender ​idex that was applied to each adult Lifelines participant.\\+The estimates ​of the coefficients obtained through the aforementioned regression formed the basis of the composite ​gender ​index that was applied to each adult Lifelines participant. \\
 \\ \\
  
 **Derivative variable**\\ **Derivative variable**\\
-The resulting variable from this analysis is the gender index. This variable is a continuum, ranging from 0% to 100%, and represents the probability of individual being a woman (higher gender index = more feminine characteristics). Androgyny is indicated by an index of 50%, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present.\\+The resulting variable from this analysis is the gender index. This variable is a continuum, ranging from 0% (masculinity) ​to 100% (femininity). A gender ​index of 50% indicates androgyny, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present.\\
 \\ \\
  
 +===== Publications using the Gender Index =====
 +  * Ballering AV et al. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine 253, 112968 ​
 +  * Ballering AV et al. (2020) Female sex and femininity independently associate with common somatic symptom trajectories. Psychological Medicine (in press)
  
-===== Papers using the Lifelines gender index ===== 
-  * Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine. 
-  * ... 
gender_index.1597910859.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/08/20 10:07 by laura