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--- childhood_trauma_ctq [2019/10/10 12:47]
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 ====== Childhood Trauma (CTQ) ======
-The [[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/pdfs/wichita-data-access/ctq-doc.pdf|Childhood Trauma Questionnaire]] (CTQ) short-form is a self-report instrument covering 28 items, to rate the severity of traumas experienced in childhood.
+Adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants underwent the [[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/pdfs/wichita-data-access/ctq-doc.pdf|Childhood Trauma Questionnaire]] (CTQ) short-form, a self-report instrument covering 28 items, to rate the severity of traumas experienced in their childhood ([[sections|section]]: [[mental health]]).
 ===== Background =====
-The physical health consequences of psychosocial adversities may be as substantial as the mental health consequences. A multinational study in 10 countries showed that childhood psychosocial adversities and early-onset mental disorders have independent, broad-spectrum effects that increase the risk of diverse chronic physical conditions in later life, including heart disease, asthma, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, chronic spinal pain, and chronic headache ((Scott KM et al. (2011). Association of childhood adversities and early-onset mental disorders with adult-onset chronic physical conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(8):838-44)). Another multinational study showed a higher effect on myocardial infarction for psychosocial stress (OR 2.67) than for hypertension (OR 1.91), diabetes (OR 2.37) or an unhealthy lifestyle ((Yusuf S et al. (2004) Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Lancet 364(9438):937-52)).
+The physical health consequences of psychosocial adversities may be as substantial as the mental health consequences. A multinational study in 10 countries showed that childhood psychosocial adversities and early-onset mental disorders have independent, broad-spectrum effects that increase the risk of diverse chronic physical conditions in later life, including heart disease, asthma, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, chronic spinal pain, and chronic headache ((Scott KM et al. (2011). Association of childhood adversities and early-onset mental disorders with adult-onset chronic physical conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(8):838-44)).\\
-Traumatic childhood events (TCEs) also constitute a key environmental exposure that should be studied in gene-environment interaction studies. We recently showed that a variant in the MTHFR gene confers a higher risk for recurrence of depression in combination with exposure to TCEs (Lok et al., 2013). We replicated this GxE interaction in a population-based sample in which we also used the CTQ-SF to assess TCEs. The risk variant in MTHFR has been associated with a decreased DNA methylation capacity, which raises the intriguing possibility that some individuals are more susceptible to TCEs through longlasting epigenetic programming effects on depression risk in later life.
+Another multinational study showed a higher effect on myocardial infarction for psychosocial stress (OR 2.67) than for hypertension (OR 1.91), diabetes (OR 2.37) or an unhealthy lifestyle ((Yusuf S et al. (2004) Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Lancet 364(9438):937-52)).\\
+Traumatic childhood events (TCEs) also constitute a key environmental exposure that should be studied in gene-environment interaction studies. It was recently shown that a variant in the MTHFR gene confers a higher risk for recurrence of depression in combination with exposure to TCEs ((Lok A et al. (2013). Interaction between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and traumatic childhood events predicts depression. Transl Psychiatry. 30;3:e288)).
 ===== Scoring =====
-The CTQ includes 5 domains:
+The CTQ includes 5 domains with 5 questions each:
-  * emotional abuse
+  * emotional abuse (DCTQ 3, 8, 14, 18, 25)
-  * emotional neglect
+  * emotional neglect (DCTQ 5, 7, 13, 19, 28)
-  * physical abuse
+  * physical abuse (DCTQ 9, 11, 12, 15, 17)
-  * physical neglect
+  * physical neglect (DCTQ 1, 2, 4, 6, 26)
-  * sexual abuse
+  * sexual abuse (DCTQ 20, 21, 23, 24, 27)
-Each dimension comprises of 5 questions and additionally there are 3 questions on a minimization/denial scale.
+Additionally there are 3 questions on a minimization/denial scale (DCTQ 10, 16, 22).\\
-Response to the questions was on a 5-point [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale|Likert scale]] with the following options: 1 Never true, 2 Rarely true, 3 Sometimes true, 4 Often true, 5 Very often true.
+Particiants are asked in how far the statements applies to their childhood on a 5-point [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale|Likert scale]] with the following options: 1 Never true, 2 Rarely true, 3 Sometimes true, 4 Often true, 5 Very often true.
-The CTQ has been validated in terms of psychometric test properties in samples of psychiatric patients, i.e. drug and substance abusers((Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, Sapareto E, Gurriero J. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1132-1136)).\\
+The CTQ has been validated in terms of psychometric test properties in various populations ((Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, Sapareto E, Gurriero J. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1132-1136))((Roy CA, Perry JC (2004). Instruments for the assessment of childhood trauma in adults. J Nerv Ment Dis. 192(5):343-51))((Thombs BD et al. (2009). A validation study of the Dutch Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: factor structure, reliability, and known-groups validity. Child Abuse Negl 33(8):518-23)).\\
 ===== Variables =====

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